IGNOU MBA HR Project Topics
Explore practical HR project ideas for MMPP-001 across consumer behaviour, digital marketing, branding, sales, advertising, retail, services and market research. Use these ideas to narrow your research problem, choose a manageable topic and build a focused project proposal.
Choose a stronger HR topic
IGNOU MBA HR Project Topics – Ideas for MMPP-001
A useful HR project topic should be specific enough to research and broad enough to provide meaningful findings. Therefore, start with a business issue, identify a target group or market, and then define the study area.
Consumer Behaviour
Study buying decisions, customer preferences, satisfaction and factors influencing purchase.
Digital Marketing
Explore social media, online advertising, search, engagement, content and digital purchase behaviour.
Branding
Focus on brand awareness, loyalty, positioning, perception and customer associations.
Sales
Examine sales effectiveness, salesperson performance, distribution and customer conversion.
Marketing projects become easier to manage when the research problem is clearly defined. For example, instead of choosing “Digital Marketing” as a complete topic, a student could examine the impact of social media marketing on purchase intention among selected consumers in a particular city. Similarly, a branding topic can focus on brand loyalty for one product category and a defined customer segment.
Moreover, a focused title makes it easier to develop objectives, research questions, sampling plans and questionnaires. As a result, the final project can connect the topic with actual data and a practical business issue.
Find the HR topic section you need
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Popular Areas for IGNOU MBA Marketing Projects
Choose a category first. Then narrow it to a product, service, organisation, customer group or location.
Consumer Behaviour
Purchase decisions, customer satisfaction, preferences, perception, trust and loyalty.
Digital & Social Media
Social media engagement, influencer marketing, online campaigns, content marketing and e-commerce.
Brand Management
Brand awareness, positioning, loyalty, image, equity and competitive perception.
Sales Management
Sales force effectiveness, customer conversion, territory management and sales performance.
Advertising & Promotion
Advertising effectiveness, promotional offers, campaign response, media choices and communication.
Retail & Services
Retail experience, service quality, customer retention, store choice and service satisfaction.
Market Research
Customer surveys, market perception, product preferences, satisfaction and competitive analysis.
Rural Marketing
Rural consumer behaviour, distribution, product adoption and marketing challenges.
E-Commerce
Online shopping behaviour, trust, convenience, delivery experience and repeat purchase.
How to Choose an IGNOU MBA Marketing Project Topic
Use a practical sequence so the final topic can support your synopsis, research methodology and report.
Pick an Area
Start with digital marketing, branding, consumer behaviour, sales or another relevant marketing area.
Find a Problem
Identify a practical issue that deserves study rather than choosing only a broad subject name.
Define Respondents
Decide whose opinions, behaviour or experiences you will study.
Set the Location
Add a manageable city, market, organisation or service area when it improves focus.
Write the Title
Turn the research problem into a clear, specific and workable project title.
332+ HR Project Ideas
Explore a comprehensive bank of complete, research-style Human Resource Management project titles for MMPP-001. The topics cover recruitment, training, employee engagement, performance management, compensation, retention, organisational behaviour, leadership, HR technology, work-life balance and many other HR areas.
How to use these HR topics: Start with your preferred HR area and then choose a title that matches the people, organisation and information you can realistically study. Next, narrow the topic to a suitable employee group, organisation or location where needed. Finally, develop objectives and methodology that directly match the selected title.
These are topic ideas for project planning. Therefore, a topic should be discussed with your eligible project guide and adapted to the applicable MMPP-001 project proposal and approval process before final work begins.
Human Resource Management
Impact of Human Resource Management Practices on Employee Performance in Selected Organisations
Study of HR Practices and Employee Satisfaction in Selected Private Organisations
Role of Human Resource Management in Improving Organisational Effectiveness
Impact of HR Policies on Employee Commitment in Selected Organisations
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of HR Practices in Small and Medium Enterprises
Role of Strategic Human Resource Management in Achieving Organisational Goals
Impact of Employee-Centred HR Practices on Organisational Performance
Study of Human Resource Planning Practices in Selected Organisations
Role of HR Managers in Managing Workplace Challenges
Impact of HR Practices on Employee Engagement and Retention
Comparative Study of HR Practices in Public and Private Organisations
Role of Human Resource Management in Building a Positive Work Environment
Impact of HR Practices on Employee Productivity in Selected Organisations
Study of Contemporary HR Practices in Service Organisations
Challenges in Managing Human Resources in Small Businesses
Recruitment & Selection
Factors Influencing Recruitment and Selection Effectiveness in Selected Organisations
Impact of Recruitment Practices on Employee Quality in Selected Organisations
Role of Employer Branding in Attracting Qualified Employees
Effectiveness of Online Recruitment in Attracting Job Applicants
Impact of Social Media Recruitment on Hiring Decisions
Factors Affecting Candidate Experience during the Recruitment Process
Role of Recruitment Sources in Improving Hiring Effectiveness
Comparative Study of Internal and External Recruitment Practices
Impact of Structured Interviews on Selection Effectiveness
Factors Influencing Employee Selection Decisions in Selected Organisations
Role of Recruitment Technology in Improving Hiring Efficiency
Impact of Recruitment Planning on Organisational Staffing
Study of Recruitment Challenges Faced by Small and Medium Enterprises
Effect of Employee Referral Programmes on Recruitment Effectiveness
Role of Artificial Intelligence in Modern Recruitment Practices
Training & Development
Impact of Employee Training on Job Performance in Selected Organisations
Effectiveness of Training and Development Programmes in Improving Employee Skills
Role of Training Needs Assessment in Employee Development
Impact of Training Quality on Employee Productivity
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Employee Development Programmes
Role of On-the-Job Training in Improving Employee Performance
Effectiveness of Online Training Programmes in Selected Organisations
Impact of Skill Development Programmes on Employee Performance
Role of Mentoring in Employee Career Development
Effect of Leadership Development Programmes on Managerial Performance
Impact of Training Satisfaction on Employee Motivation
Factors Affecting Employee Participation in Training Programmes
Role of Continuous Learning in Improving Employee Competence
Impact of Training Evaluation Practices on Organisational Performance
Comparative Study of Online and Classroom Training Effectiveness
Employee Engagement
Impact of Employee Engagement on Organisational Performance
Factors Influencing Employee Engagement in Selected Organisations
Relationship between Employee Engagement and Employee Retention
Role of Leadership in Improving Employee Engagement
Impact of Workplace Communication on Employee Engagement
Effect of Recognition and Rewards on Employee Engagement
Role of Organisational Culture in Promoting Employee Engagement
Impact of Career Development Opportunities on Employee Engagement
Relationship between Employee Engagement and Job Satisfaction
Effect of Work Environment on Employee Engagement
Role of Employee Feedback in Improving Engagement Levels
Impact of Teamwork on Employee Engagement in Selected Organisations
Factors Affecting Employee Disengagement at the Workplace
Role of HR Practices in Building Employee Engagement
Impact of Employee Engagement on Service Quality in Selected Organisations
Performance Management
Impact of Performance Appraisal on Employee Performance
Effectiveness of Performance Management Systems in Selected Organisations
Factors Influencing Employee Performance Appraisal Effectiveness
Role of Performance Feedback in Improving Employee Performance
Impact of Goal Setting on Employee Performance
Relationship between Performance Appraisal and Employee Motivation
Role of Key Performance Indicators in Employee Performance Management
Effect of Continuous Performance Management on Employee Productivity
Employee Perception towards Performance Appraisal Systems
Impact of Performance-Based Rewards on Employee Motivation
Challenges in Implementing Performance Management Systems
Role of Managers in Effective Performance Appraisal
Impact of Performance Reviews on Employee Development
Comparative Study of Traditional and Continuous Performance Appraisal
Effect of Performance Management Practices on Organisational Effectiveness
Compensation & Benefits
Impact of Compensation on Employee Motivation in Selected Organisations
Factors Influencing Employee Satisfaction with Compensation Systems
Role of Incentives in Improving Employee Performance
Effect of Financial Rewards on Employee Motivation
Impact of Non-Financial Benefits on Employee Job Satisfaction
Employee Perception towards Salary and Benefits in Selected Organisations
Role of Performance-Based Pay in Improving Employee Productivity
Impact of Compensation Fairness on Employee Retention
Relationship between Pay Satisfaction and Employee Engagement
Factors Affecting Employee Perception of Pay Equity
Role of Employee Benefits in Attracting and Retaining Talent
Impact of Incentive Schemes on Sales Employee Performance
Effectiveness of Recognition and Reward Programmes in Employee Motivation
Comparative Study of Compensation Practices in Public and Private Organisations
Impact of Compensation Management on Employee Commitment
Employee Motivation
Factors Influencing Employee Motivation in Selected Organisations
Impact of Monetary Rewards on Employee Motivation
Effect of Recognition on Employee Motivation and Job Satisfaction
Role of Leadership in Motivating Employees
Impact of Career Growth Opportunities on Employee Motivation
Relationship between Employee Motivation and Job Performance
Role of Workplace Environment in Employee Motivation
Impact of Employee Participation in Decision-Making on Motivation
Effect of Incentive Schemes on Employee Motivation
Factors Affecting Employee Morale in Selected Organisations
Role of Training and Development in Improving Employee Motivation
Impact of Job Security on Employee Motivation
Effect of Managerial Support on Employee Motivation
Relationship between Motivation and Employee Retention
Role of Organisational Culture in Sustaining Employee Motivation
Job Satisfaction
Factors Influencing Job Satisfaction among Employees in Selected Organisations
Relationship between Job Satisfaction and Employee Performance
Impact of Work Environment on Employee Job Satisfaction
Effect of Compensation on Employee Job Satisfaction
Role of Career Development in Improving Job Satisfaction
Impact of Supervisor Support on Employee Job Satisfaction
Relationship between Job Satisfaction and Employee Retention
Effect of Work-Life Balance on Employee Job Satisfaction
Role of Recognition in Improving Employee Satisfaction
Impact of Organisational Culture on Job Satisfaction
Employee Perception towards Job Satisfaction in Service Organisations
Factors Affecting Job Satisfaction among Young Professionals
Role of Training Opportunities in Employee Job Satisfaction
Impact of Job Autonomy on Employee Satisfaction
Comparative Study of Job Satisfaction across Different Employee Groups
Employee Retention & Turnover
Factors Influencing Employee Retention in Selected Organisations
Impact of Employee Satisfaction on Employee Retention
Role of Compensation in Reducing Employee Turnover
Effect of Career Growth Opportunities on Employee Retention
Impact of Organisational Culture on Employee Retention
Relationship between Employee Engagement and Employee Turnover
Factors Affecting Employee Attrition in Service Organisations
Role of Leadership Support in Reducing Employee Turnover
Impact of Work-Life Balance on Employee Retention
Effect of Recognition Programmes on Employee Retention
Role of Training and Development in Employee Retention
Impact of Job Security on Employee Turnover Intention
Factors Influencing Employee Turnover among Young Professionals
Role of Employee Benefits in Reducing Attrition
Comparative Study of Retention Factors across Two Organisations
Organisational Behaviour & Culture
Impact of Organisational Culture on Employee Performance
Relationship between Organisational Culture and Employee Engagement
Role of Organisational Culture in Employee Retention
Impact of Workplace Culture on Job Satisfaction
Factors Influencing Organisational Culture in Selected Organisations
Effect of Organisational Values on Employee Commitment
Role of HR Practices in Building an Ethical Organisational Culture
Impact of Team Culture on Employee Performance
Relationship between Organisational Culture and Innovation
Role of Organisational Culture in Managing Workplace Change
Impact of Organisational Climate on Employee Motivation
Employee Perception of Organisational Culture in Selected Organisations
Effect of Inclusive Culture on Employee Engagement
Role of Communication in Developing Organisational Culture
Comparative Study of Organisational Culture in Public and Private Organisations
Leadership & Management
Impact of Leadership Style on Employee Performance
Relationship between Leadership Style and Employee Motivation
Effect of Transformational Leadership on Employee Engagement
Role of Leadership in Employee Retention
Impact of Participative Leadership on Employee Satisfaction
Employee Perception towards Leadership Styles in Selected Organisations
Role of Leadership in Managing Organisational Change
Impact of Managerial Support on Employee Performance
Relationship between Leadership and Team Effectiveness
Effect of Leadership Communication on Employee Engagement
Role of Emotional Intelligence in Effective Leadership
Impact of Leadership Development on Managerial Effectiveness
Factors Influencing Leadership Effectiveness in Selected Organisations
Comparative Study of Leadership Styles among Managers
Role of HR in Developing Future Organisational Leaders
Workplace Communication
Impact of Workplace Communication on Employee Performance
Role of Internal Communication in Employee Engagement
Effect of Communication Practices on Job Satisfaction
Factors Influencing Effective Communication in Organisations
Impact of Managerial Communication on Employee Motivation
Role of Feedback in Improving Workplace Communication
Effect of Digital Communication Tools on Employee Collaboration
Relationship between Communication Quality and Employee Retention
Employee Perception of Internal Communication Practices
Role of HR in Improving Organisational Communication
Impact of Communication Barriers on Employee Productivity
Effect of Team Communication on Team Performance
Role of Communication during Organisational Change
Impact of Remote Communication on Employee Engagement
Comparative Study of Formal and Informal Workplace Communication
Work-Life Balance & Well-Being
Impact of Work-Life Balance on Employee Job Satisfaction
Relationship between Work-Life Balance and Employee Performance
Factors Influencing Work-Life Balance among Working Professionals
Role of Flexible Work Arrangements in Improving Work-Life Balance
Impact of Remote Work on Employee Work-Life Balance
Effect of Workplace Stress on Employee Productivity
Role of Employee Wellness Programmes in Improving Employee Well-Being
Impact of Working Hours on Employee Satisfaction
Relationship between Work Stress and Employee Retention
Factors Affecting Employee Well-Being in Service Organisations
Role of HR Policies in Supporting Employee Work-Life Balance
Impact of Leave Policies on Employee Satisfaction
Effect of Workplace Support on Employee Psychological Well-Being
Employee Perception towards Flexible Working Practices
Comparative Study of Work-Life Balance among Different Employee Groups
Industrial Relations & Employee Relations
Role of Employee Relations in Improving Organisational Effectiveness
Factors Influencing Employee Relations in Selected Organisations
Impact of Employee Grievance Handling on Job Satisfaction
Role of HR in Managing Employee Grievances
Effect of Workplace Relations on Employee Retention
Impact of Employee Participation on Industrial Relations
Role of Communication in Maintaining Positive Employee Relations
Factors Affecting Workplace Conflict in Selected Organisations
Effectiveness of Grievance Redressal Mechanisms in Organisations
Role of Negotiation in Managing Workplace Conflicts
Impact of Employee Relations on Organisational Productivity
Study of Employee Perception towards Grievance Handling Systems
Role of HR Policies in Maintaining Harmonious Employee Relations
Impact of Conflict Management Practices on Employee Satisfaction
Comparative Study of Employee Relations Practices in Selected Organisations
Conflict Management
Factors Influencing Workplace Conflict in Selected Organisations
Impact of Conflict Management on Employee Performance
Role of Communication in Managing Workplace Conflicts
Effect of Interpersonal Conflict on Employee Productivity
Role of Managers in Resolving Workplace Conflicts
Impact of Conflict Resolution Practices on Employee Satisfaction
Factors Affecting Team Conflict in Organisations
Role of Mediation in Managing Employee Conflicts
Relationship between Workplace Conflict and Employee Retention
Impact of Organisational Culture on Conflict Management
Employee Perception towards Conflict Resolution Mechanisms
Effect of Leadership Style on Workplace Conflict
Role of HR Policies in Preventing Workplace Conflict
Impact of Unresolved Conflict on Employee Engagement
Comparative Study of Conflict Management Practices in Two Organisations
Diversity, Equity & Inclusion
Impact of Workplace Diversity on Employee Performance
Role of Diversity Management in Improving Organisational Effectiveness
Employee Perception towards Diversity and Inclusion Practices
Impact of Inclusive Workplace Culture on Employee Engagement
Factors Influencing Gender Diversity in Organisations
Role of HR Practices in Promoting Workplace Inclusion
Impact of Diversity on Team Performance
Relationship between Inclusion and Employee Job Satisfaction
Challenges in Managing a Diverse Workforce
Role of Organisational Policies in Supporting Workplace Inclusion
Impact of Gender Diversity on Organisational Performance
Employee Perception towards Equal Opportunity Practices
Role of Inclusive Leadership in Employee Engagement
Impact of Workplace Diversity on Innovation
Comparative Study of Diversity Practices in Public and Private Organisations
Talent Management & Career Development
Impact of Talent Management Practices on Employee Performance
Role of Talent Management in Employee Retention
Factors Influencing Talent Development in Organisations
Effect of Career Development Opportunities on Employee Motivation
Role of Succession Planning in Organisational Sustainability
Impact of Career Planning on Employee Retention
Employee Perception towards Career Growth Opportunities
Role of HR in Identifying and Developing Organisational Talent
Impact of Talent Development Programmes on Employee Engagement
Factors Affecting Employee Career Advancement in Organisations
Role of Mentoring in Talent Development
Impact of Internal Mobility on Employee Retention
Effect of Succession Planning on Leadership Continuity
Role of Learning Opportunities in Career Development
Comparative Study of Talent Management Practices in Selected Organisations
HR Analytics & Technology
Role of HR Analytics in Improving Human Resource Decision-Making
Impact of HR Technology on Recruitment Effectiveness
Effect of Digital HR Systems on Employee Experience
Role of Human Resource Information Systems in HR Management
Impact of HR Analytics on Employee Retention Strategies
Use of Employee Data in Performance Management Decisions
Role of Technology in Improving Employee Training and Development
Impact of Digital Recruitment Platforms on Hiring Efficiency
Factors Affecting Adoption of HR Technology in Organisations
Role of Artificial Intelligence in Human Resource Management
Impact of Automation on HR Service Delivery
Employee Perception towards Digital HR Practices
Role of People Analytics in Workforce Planning
Impact of HR Technology on Employee Engagement
Challenges in Implementing Technology-Enabled HR Practices
Remote & Hybrid Work
Impact of Remote Work on Employee Productivity
Employee Perception towards Hybrid Work Models
Impact of Remote Work on Employee Engagement
Factors Influencing Employee Satisfaction in Remote Work
Role of Digital Collaboration Tools in Remote Team Performance
Impact of Hybrid Work on Work-Life Balance
Challenges of Managing Remote Employees in Selected Organisations
Role of HR Policies in Supporting Remote and Hybrid Work
Impact of Remote Work on Employee Communication
Relationship between Remote Work and Employee Retention
Effect of Flexible Work Arrangements on Employee Motivation
Employee Perception towards Virtual Team Management
Impact of Hybrid Work on Team Collaboration
Role of Managerial Support in Effective Remote Work
Comparative Study of Employee Performance in Remote and Office-Based Work
Employee Relations & Engagement
Impact of Employee Voice on Organisational Commitment
Role of Employee Feedback Systems in Improving Workplace Relations
Effect of Recognition Practices on Employee Engagement
Impact of Employee Participation on Organisational Commitment
Role of HR in Strengthening Employee-Management Relationships
Relationship between Employee Trust and Organisational Commitment
Impact of Employee Communication on Workplace Satisfaction
Factors Influencing Employee Commitment in Selected Organisations
Role of Employee Involvement in Improving Organisational Performance
Effect of Transparent HR Policies on Employee Trust
Impact of Employee Support Programmes on Organisational Commitment
Relationship between Employee Commitment and Employee Retention
Role of Recognition and Feedback in Building Positive Employee Relations
Employee Perception towards Organisational Support Practices
Comparative Study of Employee Engagement Practices across Selected Organisations
Change Management
Impact of Organisational Change on Employee Performance
Employee Perception towards Change Management Practices
Role of HR in Managing Organisational Change
Factors Influencing Employee Acceptance of Organisational Change
Impact of Change Communication on Employee Engagement
Effect of Change Leadership on Employee Commitment
Role of Training in Supporting Organisational Change
Impact of Organisational Change on Job Satisfaction
Factors Affecting Employee Resistance to Change
Role of Employee Participation in Successful Change Management
Impact of Change Management Practices on Organisational Effectiveness
Effect of Digital Transformation on Employee Roles and Performance
Health, Safety & Workplace Practices
Impact of Workplace Safety Practices on Employee Satisfaction
Employee Perception towards Occupational Health and Safety Practices
Role of HR in Managing Workplace Safety
Effect of Workplace Safety Training on Employee Awareness
Impact of Safety Culture on Employee Behaviour
Factors Influencing Employee Compliance with Workplace Safety Practices
Role of Employee Wellness Programmes in Improving Workplace Health
Impact of Workplace Conditions on Employee Productivity
Employee Perception towards Workplace Health and Safety Policies
Role of HR in Promoting Healthy Workplace Practices
Employer Branding & Employee Experience
Impact of Employer Branding on Employee Attraction
Role of Employer Brand Image in Recruitment Decisions
Employee Perception towards Employer Branding Practices
Impact of Employee Experience on Employee Retention
Relationship between Employer Branding and Employee Engagement
Role of HR in Building a Positive Employee Experience
Impact of Workplace Reputation on Recruitment Decisions
Effect of Employee Value Proposition on Talent Attraction
Role of Digital Employer Branding in Attracting Young Professionals
Impact of Employee Experience on Organisational Commitment
City-Wise IGNOU MBA HR Project Topic Examples
Adding a study area can make an HR project more manageable when employees or organisations are accessible there.
Delhi
Impact of Employee Engagement on Job Performance among Selected Employees in Delhi.
Mumbai
Factors Influencing Employee Retention in Selected Private Organisations in Mumbai.
Bengaluru
Effectiveness of Training and Development Programmes among Employees in Bengaluru.
Hyderabad
Impact of Work-Life Balance on Employee Job Satisfaction in Selected Organisations in Hyderabad.
Pune
Relationship between Performance Appraisal and Employee Motivation in Selected Organisations in Pune.
Chennai
Role of Leadership Style in Employee Performance in Selected Organisations in Chennai.
Kolkata
Factors Influencing Job Satisfaction among Employees in Selected Service Organisations in Kolkata.
Jaipur
Impact of Compensation Practices on Employee Retention in Selected Organisations in Jaipur.
Sample Objectives for IGNOU MBA HR Project Topics
Once the title is selected, write objectives that clearly state what you intend to study.
Example: Employee Engagement
- To study the level of employee engagement among selected employees.
- To identify the major factors influencing employee engagement.
- To examine the relationship between employee engagement and job performance.
Example: Employee Retention
- To identify the major factors influencing employee retention.
- To study employee perceptions of workplace policies and practices.
- To examine factors associated with employees’ intention to stay.
How to Turn a Broad HR Idea Into a Strong Project Topic
A simple narrowing process can make an HR project easier to execute and analyse.
Broad idea
Employee Engagement
This is an important HR area, but it does not yet identify the employee group, organisation or research setting.
Focused project title
“A Study of the Impact of Employee Engagement on Job Performance among Selected Employees in Delhi”
The HR variable, employee group, outcome and study area are now clearer.
Useful HR title formula
Study/Impact/Role of + HR Variable + Employee/Organisational Outcome + Employee Group/Organisation + Location (where useful)
For example, “Impact of Training on Employee Performance among Selected Employees in Delhi” is more research-ready than simply “Training and Development.” However, keep the title focused rather than unnecessarily long.
IGNOU MBA HR Project Topic Checklist
Use this quick review before putting your topic into the synopsis.
IGNOU MBA HR Project FAQs
Common questions students ask while selecting a HR project topic.
Which are good IGNOU MBA HR Project Topics?
Good topics are focused, practical and researchable. Consumer behaviour, digital marketing, branding, customer satisfaction, sales, services, retail and e-commerce can all provide workable project areas when narrowed to a specific problem.
Can I choose a digital HR topic?
Yes. Digital marketing can be narrowed into social media marketing, online advertising, content marketing, influencer marketing, customer engagement or purchase intention.
Should I add a city to my project title?
A city can improve focus when it reflects where you will collect data. However, it should not be added only for appearance; the study area must be realistic.
Can I use these topics directly in my MMPP-001 synopsis?
You can use them as starting ideas and adapt them to your research problem, respondents and study area. Finalise the topic according to the applicable MMPP-001 proposal and approval process.
How many objectives should a HR project have?
There is no universal number for every HR project. A better approach is to use a small set of clear objectives that the methodology and analysis can actually address.
Where can I get more IGNOU MBA project guidance?
You can continue with the IGNOU MBA Project, synopsis, project report, project guide and MMPP-001 resources on this website.
More IGNOU MBA Project Resources
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IGNOU MBA Project is an independent educational support website and is not affiliated with, endorsed by or officially associated with Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU). Topic examples on this page are for educational guidance only. Always follow the latest applicable IGNOU MMPP-001 project instructions and obtain the required project proposal approval before beginning the final project work.